Drug Portal Generic Name Stem showing Activity
| The Drug names used in the NLM Drug portal are structured by committees to reflect the type of condition that the drug is used for. This is true of most official generic names such as those we label as [USAN] for United States Adopted Name. The table below show shows the various name stems used in this effort.
The table has columns for the Generic Name Stem, a Stem Definition, and an Example. The Name Stem has hyphens at either or both ends of its text to show that it is found at the beginning, end, or in the middle of a generic name. For example, the Stem ?-azepam? would be found at the end of a generic name, corresponds to the definition ?Antianxiety agents (diazepam type)?, and Lorazepam as an example drug. The stems calci- or -calci- are found at the beginning or middle of ?Vitamin D analogues? such as calcipotriene and tacalcitol. |
| Generic Name Stem | Stem Definition | Examples |
| -abine | (see -arabine, -citabine) | decitabine |
| -ac | Anti-inflammatory agents (acetic acid derivatives) | bromfenac; dexpemedolac |
| -acetam | See -racetam | |
| -actide | Synthetic corticotropins | seractide |
| -adol or -aldol- | Analgesics (mixed opiate receptor agonists/ antagonists) | tazadolene; spiradolene; levonantradol |
| -adox | Antibacterials (quinoline dioxide derivatives) | carbadox |
| -afenone | Antiarrhythmics (propafenone derivatives) | alprafenone; diprafenone |
| -afil | PDE5 inhibitors | tadalafil |
| -aj- | Antiarrhythmics (ajmaline derivatives) | lorajmine |
| -aldrate | Antacid aluminum salts | magaldrate |
| -algron | Alpha1 - and alpha2 - adrenoreceptor agonists | dabuzalgron |
| -alol | Combined alpha and beta blockers | labetalol; medroxalol |
| -amivir | (see -vir) | |
| -ampa | Ionotropic non-NMDA glutamate receptors (AMPA and/or KA receptors) | |
| -ampanel | Ionotropic non-NMDA glutamate receptors (AMPA and/or KA receptors) ; antagonists | becampanel |
| -ampator | Ionotropic non-NMDA glutamate receptors (AMPA and/or KA receptors) ; modulators | forampator |
| -andr- | Androgens | nandrolone |
| -anib | Angiogenesis inhibitors | semaxanib |
| -anserin | Serotonin 5-HT2 receptor antagonists | altanserin; tropanserin; adatanserin |
| -antel | Anthelmintics (undefined group) | carbantel |
| -antrone | Antineoplastics; anthraquinone derivatives | pixantrone |
| -apsel | P-selectin antagonists | torapsel |
| -arabine | Antineoplastics (arabinofuranosyl derivatives) | fazarabine; fludarabine |
| aril-, -aril, -aril- | Antiviral (arildone derivatives) | pleconaril; arildone; fosarilate |
| -arit | Antirheumatics (lobenzarit type) | lobenzarit; clobuzarit |
| -arol | Anticoagulants (dicumarol type) | dicumarol |
| -arone | Antiarrhythmics | amiodarone; dronedarone |
| -arot- | Arotinoids | etarotene; sumarotene; tazarotene |
| -arotene | Arotinoid derivatives | bexarotene; linarotene; tazarotene |
| arte- | Antimalarials (artemisin derivatives) | arteflene |
| -ase | Enzymes | alglucerase; dornase alfa |
| subgroups: | ||
| -dismase | Enzymes ; superoxide dismutase activity (exception: orgotein) | sudismase |
| -teplase | Enzymes ; tissue-type plasminogen activators | alteplase; duteplase; silteplase |
| -uplase | Enzymes ; urokinase-type plasminogen activators | saruplase; nasaruplase; |
| -ast | Antiasthmatics/antiallergics (not acting primarily as antihistamines; leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors) | |
| subgroups: | ||
| -lukast | Antiasthmatics/antiallergics ; leukotriene receptor antagonists | cinalukast; pobilukast |
| -milast | Antiasthmatics/antiallergics ; type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitors | piclamilast |
| -trodast | Antiasthmatics/antiallergics ; thromboxane A2 receptor antagonists | seratrodast |
| -zolast | Antiasthmatics/antiallergics ; benzoxazole derivatives | eclazolast; ontazolast |
| -tegr- | Antiasthmatics/antiallergics ; integrin antagonists | valategrast |
| -(a)tadine | Tricyclic histaminic-H1 receptor antagonists, loratadine derivatives | desloratadine; rupatadine; somantadine |
| -astine | Antihistaminics (histamine-H1 receptor antagonists) | ebastine |
| -atadine | Tricyclic antiasthmatics | olopatadine; loratadine |
| -axine | Antianxiety, antidepressant inhibitor of norepinephrine and dopamine re-uptake | |
| -(f)axine | radafaxine | |
| -azenil | Benzodiazepine receptor agonists/antagonists | bretazenil; flumazenil; |
| -azepam | Antianxiety agents (diazepam type) | lorazepam |
| -azepide | Cholecystokinin receptor antagonists | devazepide |
| -azocine | Narcotic antagonists/agonists (6,7-benzomorphan derivatives) | quadazocine; ketazocine; |
| -azoline | Antihistamines/local vasoconstrictors (antazoline type) | antazoline |
| -azosin | Antihypertensives (prazosin type) | doxazosin |
| -bactam | Beta-lactamase inhibitors | sulbactam |
| -bamate | Tranquilizers/antiepileptics (propanediol and pentanediol groups) | meprobamate; felbamate; |
| -barb or -barb | Barbituric acid derivatives | phenobarbital; secobarbital; eterobarb |
| -begron | Beta 3 adrenoreceptor agonist | talibegron |
| -bendazole | Anthelmintics (tibendazole type) | cambendazole |
| -berel | Beta estrogen receptor agonist | prinaberel |
| -bersat | Anticonvulsants; antimigraine (benzoylamino-benzpyran derivatives) | carabersat; tidembersat; |
| bol- or -bol- | Anabolic steroids | bolandiol; mibolerone; |
| -bufen | Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, fenbufen derivatives | indobufen |
| -bulin | Antineoplastics (mitotic inhibitors; tubulin binders) | mivobulin |
| -butan | Antiseptics (dapabutan type) | dapabutan; lopobutan; |
| -butazone | Anti-inflammatory analgesics (phenylbutazone type) | mofebutazone |
| -caine | Local anesthetics | dibucaine |
| calci- or -calci- | Vitamin D analogues | calcipotriene; tacalcitol; |
| -camra | Antivirals (intracellular adhesion molecules, icam-1 derivatives) | tremacamra |
| -camsule | Camphorsulfonic acid derivatives used as UVA sunscreens | ecamsule |
| -casan | Caspase (interleukin ?1b) converting enzyme inhibitors | pralnacasan |
| -caserin | Serotonin receptor agonists, primarily 5-HT2 | lorcaserin; vabicaserin; |
| -castat | (see -stat) | |
| -carbef | Antibiotics (carbacephem derivatives) | loracarbef |
| -catib | Cathespin inhibitors | balicatib |
| -cavir | (see -vir) | |
| cef- | Cephalosporins | cefazolin |
| -cept | Receptor molecules, native or modified ( a preceding infix should designate the target) | alvircept |
| subgroups: | ||
| -co- | Receptor molecules, native or modified ;complement receptors | mirococept |
| -facept | Receptor molecules, native or modified ;lymphocyte function-associated with antigen 3 (LFA) receptor | alefacept |
| -farcept | Receptor molecules, native or modified ; interferon receptors | pifarcept |
| -lefacept | Receptor molecules, native or modified ; lymphocyte function-associated antigen 3 | alefacept |
| -nercept | Receptor molecules, native or modified ; tumor necrosis factor receptors | lenercept |
| -vircept | Receptor molecules, native or modified ; antiviral receptors | alvircept |
| -cet | Receptors (small molecule) | |
| subgroup: | ||
| -calcet | Receptors (small molecule) ; calcium | tecalcet |
| -cetrapib | Cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibitors | torcetrapib |
| -cic | Hepatoprotectives (timonacic type) | limazocic |
| -ciclib | Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors | seliciclib |
| -ciclovir | (see vir-) | |
| -cidib | Cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor | alvocidib |
| -cidin | Natural antibiotics (undefined group) | gramicidin |
| -ciguat | Guanaline cyclase activator | ataciguat; atriciguat |
| -cillin | Penicillins | ampicillin |
| -citabine | Nucleoside antiviral or antineoplastic agents, cytarabine or azarabine derivatives | gemcitabine; fiacitabine; zalcitabine |
| -clidine | Muscarinic agonists (various indications) | vedaclidine; talsaclidine; |
| -clone | Hypnotics/tranquilizers (zopiclone type) | pagoclone |
| -cog | Blood coagulation factors | |
| subgroups: | ||
| -eptacog | Blood coagulation factors ; blood coagulation factor VII | eptacog alfa (activated) |
| -nonacog | Blood coagulation factors ; blood coagulation factor IX | nonacog alfa |
| -octocog | Blood coagulation factors ; blood coagulation factor VIII | moroctocog alfa; octocog alfa |
| -cogin | Blood coagulation cascade inhibitor | tifacogin |
| -conazole | Systemic antifungals (miconazole type) | fluconazole; oxiconazole; |
| -cort- | Cortisone derivatives | hydrocortisone |
| -coxib | Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors | celecoxib; parecoxib; valdecoxib |
| -cridar | (see -dar) | |
| ‑crinat | Diuretics (ethacrynic acid derivatives) | brocrinat |
| -crine | Acridine derivatives | amsacrine; quinacrine |
| ‑cromil | Antiallergics (cromoglicic acid derivatives) | nedocromil |
| -curium (also -curonium) | Neuromuscular blocking agents (quaternary ammonium compounds) | atracurium; alcuronium; pipecuronium |
| ‑cycline | Antibiotics (tetracycline derivatives) | minocycline |
| -dan | Positive inotropic agents (pimobendan type) | prinoxodan; indolidan |
| -dapsone | Antimycobacterials (diaminodiphenylsulfone derivatives) | acedapsone |
| -dar | Multidrug resistance inhibitors | |
| subgroups: | ||
| -cridar | Multidrug resistance inhibitors ;acridine carboxamide derivatives | elacridar |
| -icodar | Multidrug resistance inhibitors ;pipecolic acid derivatives | biricodar |
| -quidar | Multidrug resistance inhibitors ; quinoline derivatives | lamiquidar; zozuquidar; |
| -spodar | Multidrug resistance inhibitors ; ciclosporin D derivatives | valspodar |
| -denoson | Adenosine A receptor agonists | tecadenoson,; binodenoson; |
| -dermin | (see -ermin) | |
| dil-, -dil‑ or ‑dil | Vasodilators (undefined group) | fostedil |
| ‑dipine | Phenylpyridine vasodilators (nifedipine type) | darodipine; felodipine; |
| -dismase | (see -ase) | |
| -distim | (see -stim) | |
| -ditan | Antimigraine (5-HT1 receptor agonists) | alniditan |
| -dopa | Dopamine receptor agonists | levodopa |
| -dore | Dopamine D2D3 receptor modulators | aplindore fumarate |
| -dotin | Synthetic analogs of the dolastatin series | tasidotin HCl |
| -dralazine | Antihypertensives (hydrazine‑phthalazines) | hydralazine; endralazine; |
| -dronate | Calcium metabolism regulators | etidronate; tiludronate; |
| -dutant | (see -tant) | |
| -ectedin | Ecteinascodin derivatives | monectedin |
| -ectin | Antiparasitics (ivermectin type) | doramectin; moxidectin; |
| -elestat | (see -stat) | |
| -elvakin | (see -kin) | |
| -emcinal | Erythromycin derivatives lacking antibiotic activity | mitemcinal |
| -entan | Endothelin receptor antagonists | bosentan |
| -eptacog | (see -cog) | |
| -eptakin | (see -kin) | |
| -erg- | Ergot alkaloid derivatives | pergolide |
| -eridine | Analgesics (meperidine type) | anileridine |
| -ermin | Growth factors | |
| subgroups: | ||
| -bermin | Growth factors ; vascular endothelial growth factors | telbermin |
| -dermin | Growth factors ; epidermal growth factors | murodermin |
| -fermin | Growth factors ; fibroblast growth factors | ersofermin |
| -nermin | Growth factors ; tumor necrosis factors | sonermin; tasonermin; |
| -plermin | Growth factors ; platelet derived growth factors | becaplermin |
| -sermin | Growth factors ; insulin-like growth factors | mecasermin |
| -termin | Growth factors ; transforming growth factors | cetermin |
| -otermin | growth factors ; bone morphogenetic proteins | dibotermin alfa |
| estr- or -estr- | Estrogens | estrone; fenestrel |
| -estrant | Estrogen antagonists | fulvestrant |
| -etanide | Diuretics (piretanide type) | bumetanide |
| -exakin | (see -kin) | |
| -ezolid | Oxazolidinone antibacterials | eperezolid; linezolid; |
| -farnib | Farnesyl transferase inhibitor | tipifarnib |
| -fenamate | "fenamic acid" ester or salt derivatives | etofenamate |
| -fenamic acid | Anti-inflammatory agents (anthranilic acid derivatives) | flufenamic acid |
| -fenin | Diagnostic aids ((phenylcarbamoyl)methyl iminodiacetic acid derivatives) | arclofenin |
| -fenine | Analgesics (fenamic acid subgroup) | floctafenine |
| -fentanil | Narcotic analgesics (fentanyl derivatives) | alfentanil; mirfentanil; brifentanil |
| -fentrine | Phosphodiesterase inhibitor | pumafentrine |
| -fermin | (see -ermin) | |
| -fetamin(e) | Amfetamine derivatives | levmetamfetamine |
| -fiban | Fibrinogen receptor antagonists (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists) | lamifiban; tirofiban; |
| -fibatide | (see -tide) | |
| -fibrate | Antihyperlipidemics (clofibrate type) | bezafibrate |
| -filcon | Hydrophilic contact lens materials | alphafilcon A; xylofilcon A; mipafilcon A |
| -fingol | Sphingosine derivatives | cedefingol; safingol |
| -flapon | 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) inhibitors | quiflapon |
| -flurane | General inhalation anesthetics (halogenated alkane derivatives) | enflurane |
| -fo- | Phosphoro-derivatives | adefovir |
| -focon | Hydrophobic contact lens materials | trifocon A; pasifocon B; satafocon A |
| -formin | Hypoglycemics (phenformin type) | buformin |
| -fradil | Calcium channel blockers acting as vasodilators | mibefradil |
| -fulven | Antineoplastic, acylfulven derivatives | viridofulven |
| -fungin | Antifungal antibiotics (undefined group) | kalafungin |
| -fylline | Theophylline derivatives | enprofylline; bamifylline; cipamfylline |
| -gab- | Gabamimetics | fengabine |
| gado- | Gadolinium derivatives (principally for diagnostic use) | gadodiamide; gadoteridol; gadobenate |
| -gapil | Neuronal apoptosis inhibitors; GAPDH | omigapil |
| -ganan | Antimicrobial, bactericidal permeability increasing polypeptide | iseganan; pexiganan; |
| -gatran | Thrombin inhibitors (argatroban type) | efegatran |
| -gest- | Progestins | megestrol |
| -giline | MAO inhibitors, type B | selegiline |
| -gillin | Antibiotics (Aspergillus strains) | mitogillin |
| gli- | Antihyperglycemics | gliflumide |
| -gliptin | Antihyperglycemics ; dipeptidyl aminopeptidase-IV inhibitors | vildagliptin |
| -glitazar | Antihyperglycemics ; PPAR agonists (not thiazolidene derivatives) | farglitizar |
| -glitazone | Antihyperglycemics ; PPST agonists (thiazolidene derivatives) | ciglitazone; rosiglitazone |
| -glumide | CCK antagonists, antiulcer, anxiolytic agent | amiglumide; itriglumide; |
| -golix | GnRH receptor antagonists (nonpeptide) | rupugolix |
| -gosivir | (see -vir) | |
| -gramostim | (see -stim) | |
| -grastim | (see -stim) | |
| -grel- or -grel | Platelet aggregation inhibitors (undefined group) | itazigrel; dimetagrel; furegrelate |
| guan- | Antihypertensives (guanidine derivatives) | guanoctine |
| -ibat | Ileal bile acid transport inhibitor | barixibat |
| -icam | Anti-inflammatory agents (isoxicam type) | enolicam; tenoxicam; |
| -icodar | (see -dar) | |
| -ifen(e) | Antiestrogens of the clomifene and tamoxifen groups | nitromifene; raloxifene; droloxifene |
| -ilide | Class III antiarrhythmic agents | ibutilide; risotilide; dofetilide |
| -imepodib | Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitors | merimepodib |
| -imex | Immunostimulants | forfenimex; roquinimex; ubenimex |
| -imibe- | Antihyperlipidaemics, acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors | eldacimibe; avasimibe; pactimibe |
| -imod | Immunomodulators | ivarimod; pidotimod; |
| subgroup: | ||
| -mapimod | Immunomodulators ; mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitors | dormapimod |
| -imus | Immunosuppressives | tacrolimus; napirimus; gusperimus; sirolimus |
| io- | Iodine-containing contrast media | iodamide |
| -irudin | Anticoagulants (hirudin type) | desirudin |
| -isant | Histamine H3 receptor antagonists | cipralisant |
| -isomide | Antiarrhythmics (disopyramide derivatives) | bidisomide |
| -ium (also -onium) | Quaternary ammonium derivatives | clidinium; disiquonium; polixetonium; |
| -ixafor | CXCR4 antagonists | plerixifor |
| ‑kacin | Antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces kanamyceticus (related to kanamycin) | amikacin |
| -kalant | Potassium channel antagonists | almokalant; terikalant |
| -kalim | Potassium channel agonists | cromakalim; aprikalim; |
| -kalner | Opener of large conductance calcium-activated (maxi-k) K+ channels | flindokalner |
| -kef- | Enkephalin agonists (various indications) | metkephamide; casokefamide; |
| -kin | Interleukin type substances | |
| subgroups: | ||
| -decakin | Interleukin type substances ; interleukin-10 analogues and derivatives | ilodecakin |
| -dodekin | Interleukin type substances ; interleukin-12 analogues and derivatives | edodekin alfa |
| -elvekin | Interleukin type substances ; interleukin 11 analogues and derivatives | oprelvekin |
| -eptakin | Interleukin type substances ; interleukin 7 analogues and derivatives | |
| -exakin | Interleukin type substances ; interleukin 6 analogues and derivatives | atexakin alfa |
| -leukin | Interleukin type substances ; interleukin 2 analogues and derivatives | teceleukin; aldesleukin |
| -nakin | Interleukin 1 analogues and derivatives | |
| subgroups: | ||
| -onakin | Interleukin 1 analogues and derivatives ; interleukin 1-a analogues and derivatives | pitonakin |
| -benakin | Interleukin 1 analogues and derivatives ; iinterleukin 1-b analogues and derivatives | mobenakin |
| -nonakin | Interleukin 1 analogues and derivatives ; iinterleukin 9 analogues and derivatives | |
| -octakin | Interleukin 1 analogues and derivatives ; iinterleukin 8 analogues and derivatives | emoctakin |
| -penkin | Interleukin 1 analogues and derivatives ; iinterleukin 5 analogues and derivatives | |
| -trakin | Interleukin 1 analogues and derivatives ; iinterleukin 4 analogues and derivatives | binetrakin |
| -kinra | Interleukin receptor antagonists | |
| subgroups: | ||
| -nakinra | Interleukin receptor antagonists ; interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor antagonists | anakinra |
| -kiren | Renin inhibitors | ditekiren; terlakiren; zankiren |
| -lazad | Lipid peroxidation inhibitors | tirilazad |
| -leptin | Leptin derivatives | metreleptin |
| ‑leukin | (see -kin) | |
| -lipim | Lipoprotein lipase activators | ibrolipim |
| -locib | Antineoplastics that inhibit the formation of 5-LO, LTB4, LTC4, and thromboxane B2 (TxB2); and Activate PPARg nuclear receptors | etalocib |
| -lubant | Leukotriene receptor antagonists (treatment of inflammatory skin disorders) | ticolubant |
| -lukast | (see -ast) | |
| -lutamide | Antiandrogens | bicalutamide; flutamide; |
| -lutril | Neutral endopeptidase inhibitors possessing additional endothelin converting enzyme inhibitory activity | daglutril |
| -mab | Monoclonal antibodies | imciromab; abciximab; capromab; dacliximab; detumomab; enlimomab |
| -axo- | Monoclonal antibodies ; rat-murine hybrid antibodies | |
| -les- | Monoclonal antibodies ; infix for inflammatory/infectious lesions | |
| -toxa- | Monoclonal antibodies ; toxin as a target | urtoxazumab |
| -mantadine or -mantine | Antivirals/antiparkinsonians (adamantane derivatives) | rimantadine; dopamantine |
| -mastat | (see -stat) | |
| -meline | Cholinergic agonists (arecoline derivatives used in treatment of Alzheimer's disease) | xanomeline |
| -melteon | Selective melatonin receptor agonist | ramelteon |
| -mer | Polymers | cadexomer; carbetimer |
| -mesine | Sigma receptor ligands | igmesine; panamesine |
| -mestane | Antineoplastics (aromatase inhibitors) | plomestane |
| -metacin | Anti‑inflammatory agents (indomethacin type) | zidometacin |
| -micin | Antibiotics (Micromonospora strains) | maduramicin; gentamicin |
| -monam | Monobactam antibiotics | gloximonam; oximonam; tigemonam |
| -morelin | (see -relin) | |
| -moren | Non-peptidic growth hormone secretagogues | ibutamoren |
| -mostim | (see -stim) | |
| -motine | Antivirals (quinoline derivatives) | famotine |
| -moxin | Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (hydrazine derivatives) | benmoxin; domoxin; |
| -mulin | Antibacterials, pleuromulin derivatives | retapamulin |
| -multin | Mucosal tolerance inductors | ismomultin |
| -mustine | Antineoplastics (chloroethylamine derivatives) | carmustine |
| -mycin | Antibiotics (Streptomyces strains) | lincomycin |
| nab- or ‑nab‑ | Cannabinol derivatives | nabazenil; dronabinol |
| -nakalant | Mixed sodium/potassium channel blockers | vernakalant |
| -nakin | (see -kin) | |
| nal- | Narcotic agonists/antagonists (normorphine type) | nalmefene |
| -navir | (see vir-) | |
| -nercept | (see -cept) | |
| -nermin | (see -ermin) | |
| -nertant | Neurotensin receptor antagonists | reminertant |
| -nesib | Kinesin inhibitors | ispinesib |
| -netant | (see -tant) | |
| -neurin | Neurotensin receptor antagonists; neurotropins | abrineurin |
| -nicline | Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonists/agonists nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (tenidap | altinicline |
| -nidap | Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (tenidap type) | ilonidap; tenidap; |
| -nidazole | Antiprotozoal substances (metronidazole type) | tinidazole |
| nifur- | 5‑nitrofuran derivatives | nifuratel; nifuratrone; |
| -nil | Benzodiazepine receptor antagonists/agonists | |
| -punil | Mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor (MBR) selective, partial, or inverse agonists (purine derivatives) | emapunil |
| -quinil | Benzodiazepine receptor agonists, also partial or inverse (quinoline derivatives) | lirequinil |
| -nixin | Anti-inflammatory agents (anilinonicotinic acid derivatives) | clonixin |
| -nonacog | (see -cog) | |
| -nonakin | (see -kin) | |
| -octacog | (see -cog) | |
| -octakin | (see -kin) | |
| -olol | Beta‑blockers (propranolol type) | timolol; atenolol |
| -olone | Steroids (not prednisolone derivatives) | minaxolone |
| -onide | Topical steroids (acetal derivatives) | amcinonide |
| -opilone | Epothilone | filopilone |
| -orex | Anorexiants | fludorex |
| -orphan | Narcotic antagonists/agonists dextro-(morphinan derivatives) | methorphan; dextrorphan |
| -osuran | Urotensin receptor antagonists | palosuran |
| -otilate | Hepatoprotectants, di-isopropyl-1,3-dithiol- malonate derivatives | mivotilate |
| -oxacin | Antibacterials (quinolone derivatives) | difloxacin; ciprofloxacin |
| -oxan | Alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists (benzodioxane derivatives) | imiloxan |
| -oxanide | Antiparasitics (salicylanilide derivatives) | bromoxanide |
| -oxef | Antibiotics (oxacefalosporanic acid derivatives) | flomoxef |
| -oxetine | Antidepressants (fluoxetine type) | dapoxetine; seproxetine |
| -pafant | Platelet-activating factor antagonists | apafant; dacopafant; tulopafant; lexipafant |
| -pamide | Diuretics (sulfamoylbenzoic acid derivatives) | alipamide |
| ‑pamil | Coronary vasodilators (verapamil type) | tiapamil |
| -pamine | Dopaminergics (butopamine type) | fosopamine; ibopamine; |
| -panel | AMPA receptor antagonists | fanapanel; irumpanel; talampanel |
| -parcil | Antithrombotics | beciparcil; iliparcil; |
| -parcin | Glycopeptide antibiotics | avoparcin |
| -parin | Heparin derivatives and low molecular weight (or depolymerized) heparins | heparin; tinzaparin; dalteparin |
| -parinux | Antithrombotyic indirect selective synthetic factor Xa inhibitors | fondaparinux |
| -paroid | Antithrombotics (heparinoid type) | danaparoid; sulparoid |
| peg- | PEGylated compounds | pegcaristim; pegnartograstim; pegvisomant |
| -penem | Antibacterial antibiotics (carbapenem derivatives) | imipenem |
| -penkin | (see -kin) | |
| perflu- | Blood substitutes and/or diagnostics (perfluorochemicals) | perflubron; perflunafene; |
| -peridol | Antipsychotics (haloperidol type) | haloperidol |
| -peridone | Antipsychotics (risperidone type) | risperidone; iloperidone; ocaperidone |
| -perone | Antianxiety agents/neuroleptics (4'‑fluoro‑4‑piperidinobutyrophenone derivatives) | duoperone |
| -pezil | Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors used in the treatment of Alzheimer?s disease | icopezil ; donepezil; |
| -pidem | Hypnotics/sedatives (zolpidem type) | zolpidem; alpidem; |
| -pirdine | Cognition enhancers | linopirdine; besipirdine; sibopirdine |
| -pirox | Antimycotics (pyridone derivatives) | ciclopirox |
| -pitant | (see -tant) | |
| -plact | Platelet factor 4 analogs and derivatives | iroplact |
| -pladib | Phospholipase A2 inhibitors | ecopladib |
| -planin | Antibacterials (Actinoplanes strains) | mideplanin; ramoplanin; teicoplanin |
| -platin | Antineoplastics (platinum derivatives) | cisplatin |
| -plasninin | Inhibitors of plasminogen activator inhibitors ? type 1 | tiplasninin |
| -plermin | (see -ermin) | |
| -plestim | (see -stim) | |
| -plon | Non-benzodiazepine anxiolytics, sedatives, hypnotics | ocinaplon ; zaleplon; |
| -poetin | Erythropoietins | epoetin alfa; epoetin beta; |
| -porfin | Benzoporphyrin derivatives | verteporfin; temoporfin |
| -pramine | Antidepressants (imipramine type) | lofepramine |
| -prazan | Acid pump inhibitors, not dependent on acid activation | omidaprazan |
| -prazole | Antiulcer agents (benzimidazole derivatives) | omeprazole; disuprazole; |
| subgroup: | ||
| -maprazole | Antiulcer agents (benzimidazole derivatives) ; acid pump inhibitors | pumaprazole |
| pred-, -pred- or -pred | Prednisone and prednisolone derivatives | prednicarbate; cloprednol; oxisopred |
| -pressin | Vasoconstrictors (vasopressin derivatives) | desmopressin |
| -pride | Sulpiride derivatives | remoxipride; zacopride; |
| -pril | Antihypertensives (ACE inhibitors) | enalapril; temocapril; spirapril |
| -prilat | Antihypertensives (ACE inhibitors) (diacid analogs of the -pril entity) | enalaprilat; spiraprilat; |
| -prinim | Nootropic agents, purine derivatives | leteprinim |
| -prim | Antibacterials (trimethoprim type) | ormetoprim |
| -prisnil | Selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRM) | asoprisnil |
| -pristin | Antibacterials, pristinamycin derivatives | quinupristin; efepristin; |
| -pristone | Progesterone receptor antagonists | mifepristone |
| -profen | Anti-inflammatory/analgesic agents (ibuprofen type) | flurbiprofen |
| -prost- or -prost | Prostaglandin derivatives | rioprostil; dinoprost |
| -protafib | Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors | ertiprotafib |
| -pultide | (see -tide) | |
| -proget | Nonsteroidal ligand for the progesterone receptor | tanaproget |
| -queside | Cholesterol sequestrants (glycosides) | pamaqueside |
| -racetam | Nootropes (piracetam type) | piracetam |
| -racil | Uracil type antineoplastics | eniluracil; gemeracil; oteracil |
| -relin | Prehormones or hormone-release stimulating peptides subgroups: | nafarelin |
| -morelin | Growth hormone-release stimulating peptides | dumorelin |
| -tirelin | Thyrotropin releasing hormone analogues | protirelin |
| -relix | Hormone‑release inhibiting peptides aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone type) | detirelix |
| -renone | Aldosterone antagonists (spironolactone type) | canrenone |
| -restat | (see -stat) | |
| -retin- or -retin | Retinol derivatives | etretinate; pelretin |
| -rev | Therapeutic virus | |
| -tucirev | Therapeutic virus ; tumoricidal | lontucirev |
| -ribine | Ribofuranil derivatives (pyrazofurin type) | loxoribine |
| rifa- | Antibiotics (rifamycin derivatives) | rifapentine; rifampin; |
| ‑rinone | Cardiotonics (amrinone type) | milrinone |
| -rozole | Aromatase inhibitors (imidazole/triazole derivatives) | letrozole; fadrozole; vorozole |
| -rsen | Antisense oligonucleotides | alicaforsen |
| -rubicin | Antineoplastic antibiotics (daunorubicin type) | esorubicin; idarubicin |
| sal-, -sal- or -sal | Anti-inflammatory agents (salicylic acid derivatives) | mesalamine; diflunisal; balsalazide |
| -sartan | Angiotensin II receptor antagonists | losartan; eprosartan; |
| -semide | Diuretics (furosemide type) | azosemide |
| -sermin | (see -ermin) | |
| -serod | Serotonin receptor antagonists and partial agonists | piboserod |
| -serpine | Rauwolfia alkaloid derivatives | reserpine |
| -setron | Serotonin 5-HT3 antagonists | ondansetron; granisetron; lurosetron |
| -siban | Oxytocin antagonists | barusiban |
| -sidomine | Antianginals (sydnone derivatives) | pirsidomine; molsidomine; linsidomine |
| som- | Growth hormone derivatives | somatrem; somatropin; |
| som- -bove | Growth hormone derivatives ; bovine somatotropin derivatives | sometribove |
| som- -por | Growth hormone derivatives ; porcine somatotropin derivatives | sometripor; somagrepor; |
| -sonan | 5-HT1B receptor antagonists | elzasonan |
| -spirone | Anxiolytics (buspirone type) | zalospirone; tiospirone; |
| -spodar | (see -dar) | |
| -sporin | Immunosuppressants (cyclosporine type) | geclesporin; oxeclosporin |
| -stat-, -stat | Enzyme inhibitors | |
| subgroups: | ||
| -castat | Enzyme inhibitors ; dopamine beta-hydrolase (DBH) inhibitors | nepicastat |
| -elestat | Enzyme inhibitors ; elastase inhibitors | sivelestat |
| -inostat | Enzyme inhibitors ; inhibitors of histone deacetylase | dacinostat |
| -mastat | Enzyme inhibitors ; antineoplastics (matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors) | batimastat |
| -(a)mostat | Enzyme inhibitors ; proteolytic enzyme inhibitors | nafamostat |
| -restat- or -restat | Aldose-reductase inhibitors | ponalrestat; tolrestat; |
| -vastatin | Antihyperlipidemics (HMG-CoA inhibitors) | atorvastatin; lovastatin; pravastatin |
| -urestat | Urease inhibitor | benurestat |
| -stat- | Renal dehydropeptidase inhibitor | cilastatin |
| -stat- | Pepsin inhibitor | pepstatin |
| -statin | Renal dehydropeptidase inhibitor pepsin inhibitor | cilastatin; pepstatin |
| -ster- | Steroids (androgens, anabolics) | testosterone |
| -steride | Testosterone reductase inhibitors | epristeride; fenasteride; |
| -stigmine | Cholinesterase inhibitors (physostigmine type) | quilostigmine; teserstigmine; |
| -stim | Colony-stimulating factors | |
| subgroups: | ||
| -distim | Colony-stimulating factors ; conjugates of two different types of colony-stimulating factors | milodistim |
| -gramostim | Colony-stimulating factors ; granulocyte macrophage colony- stimulating factors (GM-CSF) | molgramostim; regramostim; sargramostim; ecogramostim |
| -grastim | Colony-stimulating factors ; granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF) | filgrastim; lenograstim; |
| -mostim | Colony-stimulating factors ; macrophage colony-stimulating factors (M-CSF) | mirimostim |
| -plestim | Colony-stimulating factors ; interleukin 3 derivatives; pleiotropic colony-stimulating factors | daniplestim |
| -stinel | NMDA receptor antagonists (glycine recognition site) | licostinel |
| -sulam | Antineoplastics, apoptosis inducing sulfonamide | indisulam |
| sulfa- | Antimicrobials (sulfonamides derivatives) | sulfasalazine |
| -sulfan | Antineoplastics, alkylating agents (methanesulfonate derivatives) | busulfan |
| -lind | Pro-apoptotic cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors | ractalind; dractalind |
| subgroups: | ||
| -sulind | Pro-apoptotic cGMP phosphodiesterase inhibitors ; antineoplastics, sulindac metabolites | exisulind |
| -tant | Tachykinin (neurokinin) receptor antagonists | |
| subgroups: | ||
| -dutant | Tachykinin (neurokinin) receptor antagonists ; NK2 receptor antagonists | saredutant |
| -netant | Tachykinin (neurokinin) receptor antagonists ; NK3 receptor antagonists | osanetant |
| -pitant | Tachykinin (neurokinin) receptor antagonists ; NK1 receptor antagonists | dapitant; zinapitant; lanepitant |
| -tapide | Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) inhibitors | implitapide |
| -taxel | Antineoplastics, taxane derivatives | paclitaxel |
| -tecan | Antineoplastics (camptothecine derivatives) | topotecan; irinotecan; |
| -tecarin | Antineoplastics (rebeccamycin derivatives) | becatecarin |
| -tepa | Antineoplastics (thiotepa derivatives) | azetepa |
| -teplase | (see -ase) | |
| -termin | (see -ermin) | |
| -terol | Bronchodilators (phenethylamine derivatives) | albuterol |
| -tesind | Thymidilate synthetase inhibitors (benzindole derivatives) | metesind |
| -texafin | Texaphryn derivatives | motexafin |
| -thiazide | Diuretics (thiazide derivatives) | chlorothiazide |
| -tiapine | Antipsychotics (dibenzothiazepine derivatives) | quitiapine |
| -tiazem | Calcium channel blockers (diltiazem type) | diltiazem ; clentiazem; iprotiazem |
| -tibant | Antiasthmatics (bradykinin antagonists) | icatibant |
| -tide | Peptides and glycopeptides | octreotide |
| subgroups: | ||
| -fibatide | Peptides and glycopeptides ; platelet aggregation inhibitors (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists) | eptifibatide |
| -pultide | Peptides and glycopeptides ; peptides used as pulmonary surfactants | sinapultide |
| -tidine | H2‑receptor antagonists (cimetidine type) | lupitidine; ranitidine; donetidine |
| -tinib | Tyrosine kinase inhibitors | canertinib, ; imatinib,; mubritinib |
| -tirelin | (see -relin) | |
| -tirome | Antihyperlidaemic, thyromimetic derivatives | anitirome; axitirome; |
| -tocin | Oxytocin derivatives | oxytocin |
| -toclax | Antineoplastic, BLC-2 inhibitor | obatoclax |
| -toin | Antiepileptics (hydantoin derivatives) | albutoin |
| -toran | TLR4 receptor antagonists | eritoran |
| -tox(a)- | Toxins | urtoxazumab |
| -traposin | AP2 inhibitors | seltraposin |
| -trexate | Antimetabolites (folic acid derivatives) | methotrexate |
| -trexed | Antineoplastic thymidylate synthetase inhibitors | pemetrexed; ralitrexed; nolatrexed |
| -tricin | Antibiotics (polyene derivatives) | mepartricin |
| -tril -trilat | Endopeptidase inhibitors | candoxatril; candoxatrilat; |
| -triptan | Antimigraine agents (5-HT1 receptor agonists) | naratriptan; oxitriptan; sumatriptan |
| -triptyline | Antidepressants (dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptane derivatives) | amitriptyline |
| -troban | Antithrombotics (thromboxane A2 receptor antagonists) | daltroban ; sulotroban; |
| -trodast | (see -ast) | |
| -troline | Antipsychotics (dopamine D2 antagonists) | carvotroline; gevotroline; |
| -trombopag | Thrombopoetin agonists | eltrombopag |
| trop- or -trop- | Atropine derivatives | benztropine |
| -uclin | Mucosal tolerance inhibitors | |
| -uplase | (see -ase) | |
| -uracil | Uracil derivatives used as thyroid antagonists and as antineoplastics | fluorouracil |
| -uridine | Antivirals; antineoplastics (uridine derivatives) | idoxuridine |
| -vaptan | Vasopressin receptor antagonists | conivaptan; relcovaptan; |
| -vastatin | (see -stat) | |
| -verine | Spasmolytic agents (papaverine type) | mebeverine |
| vin- or -vin- | Vinca alkaloids | vinepidine; apovincamine |
| vir-, -vir- or -vir | Antiviral substances (undefined group) | ganciclovir; enviradine; viroxime; alvircept; delavirdine |
| subgroups: | ||
| -amivir | Antiviral substances ; neuraminidase inhibitors | zanamivir |
| -cavir | Antiviral substances ; carbocyclic nucleosides | lobucavir |
| -cyclovir | Antiviral substances ; (acyclovir type) | acyclovir |
| -ciclovir | Antiviral substances ; (acyclovir type) | desciclovir ; famciclovir; penciclovir |
| -gosivir | Antiviral substances ; glucosidase inhibitor | celgosivir |
| -navir | Antiviral substances ; HIV protease inhibitors (saquinavir type) | droxinavir; indinavir; ritonavir |
| -virdine | Antiviral substances ; (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; pyridine derivatives) | atevirdine; delevirdine; |
| -virenz | Antivirals (non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors; benzoxazinone derivatives) | efavirenz |
| -virsen | Antivirals (antisense) | afovirsen; fomivirsen; trecovirsen |
| -vircept | (see -cept) | |
| -virdine | (see vir) | |
| -virenz | (see vir) | |
| -virimat | Antiviral, disrupts viral maturation | bevirimat |
| -viroc | CCR5 antagonists | maraviroc |
| -criviroc | CCR5 antagonists, immunomodulators | ancriviroc |
| -vudine | Antineoplastics; antivirals (zidovudine group) (exception: edoxudine) | stavudine; lamivudine; alovudine |
| -xaban | Anticoagulant (Factor Xa inhibitor) | tamixaban |
| -xanox | Antiallergic respiratory tract drugs (xanoxic acid derivatives) | tixanox |
| -(x)antrone | Antineoplastics, mitoxantrone derivatives aza-anthracenedione class of antitumor agents | pixantrone |
| -zolamide | Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors | brinzolamide; dorzolamide; sezolamide |
| -zolast | (see -ast) | |
| -zomib | Proteozome inhibitors | bortezomib |
| -zotan | 5-HT1A receptor agonists/antagonists acting primarily as neuroprotectors | robalzotan; sarizotan; ibalzotan; lecozotan |
