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| Generic Name Stem |
Stem Definition |
Examples |
| -abine |
(see -arabine, -citabine) |
decitabine |
| -ac |
Anti-inflammatory
agents (acetic acid derivatives) |
bromfenac; dexpemedolac |
| -acetam |
See
-racetam |
|
| -actide |
Synthetic corticotropins |
seractide |
| -adol or -aldol- |
Analgesics
(mixed opiate receptor agonists/ antagonists) |
tazadolene;
spiradolene; levonantradol |
| -adox |
Antibacterials
(quinoline dioxide derivatives) |
carbadox |
| -afenone |
Antiarrhythmics
(propafenone derivatives) |
alprafenone; diprafenone |
| -afil |
PDE5 inhibitors |
tadalafil |
| -aj- |
Antiarrhythmics (ajmaline
derivatives) |
lorajmine |
| -aldrate |
Antacid aluminum salts |
magaldrate |
| -algron |
Alpha1 - and alpha2
- adrenoreceptor agonists |
dabuzalgron |
| -alol |
Combined alpha and beta
blockers |
labetalol; medroxalol |
| -amivir |
(see
-vir) |
|
| -ampa |
Ionotropic
non-NMDA glutamate receptors (AMPA and/or KA receptors) |
|
| -ampanel |
Ionotropic
non-NMDA glutamate receptors (AMPA and/or KA receptors) ; antagonists |
becampanel |
| -ampator |
Ionotropic
non-NMDA glutamate receptors (AMPA and/or KA receptors) ; modulators |
forampator |
| -andr- |
Androgens |
nandrolone |
| -anib |
Angiogenesis inhibitors |
semaxanib |
| -anserin |
Serotonin 5-HT2 receptor
antagonists |
altanserin;
tropanserin; adatanserin |
| -antel |
Anthelmintics (undefined
group) |
carbantel |
| -antrone |
Antineoplastics;
anthraquinone derivatives |
pixantrone |
| -apsel |
P-selectin antagonists |
torapsel |
| -arabine |
Antineoplastics
(arabinofuranosyl derivatives) |
fazarabine; fludarabine |
| aril-, -aril, -aril- |
Antiviral (arildone
derivatives) |
pleconaril; arildone; fosarilate |
| -arit |
Antirheumatics (lobenzarit
type) |
lobenzarit; clobuzarit |
| -arol |
Anticoagulants (dicumarol
type) |
dicumarol |
| -arone |
Antiarrhythmics |
amiodarone; dronedarone |
| -arot- |
Arotinoids |
etarotene;
sumarotene;
tazarotene |
| -arotene |
Arotinoid derivatives |
bexarotene; linarotene;
tazarotene |
| arte- |
Antimalarials (artemisin
derivatives) |
arteflene |
| -ase |
Enzymes |
alglucerase;
dornase
alfa |
|
subgroups: |
|
|
| -dismase |
Enzymes
; superoxide dismutase activity
(exception: orgotein) |
sudismase |
| -teplase |
Enzymes ;
tissue-type plasminogen activators |
alteplase;
duteplase;
silteplase |
| -uplase |
Enzymes ;
urokinase-type plasminogen activators |
saruplase;
nasaruplase; |
| -ast |
Antiasthmatics/antiallergics
(not acting primarily as antihistamines; leukotriene biosynthesis
inhibitors) |
|
| subgroups: |
|
|
| -lukast |
Antiasthmatics/antiallergics
; leukotriene receptor antagonists |
cinalukast; pobilukast |
| -milast |
Antiasthmatics/antiallergics ; type IV phosphodiesterase
inhibitors |
piclamilast |
| -trodast |
Antiasthmatics/antiallergics ; thromboxane A2 receptor
antagonists |
seratrodast |
| -zolast |
Antiasthmatics/antiallergics
; benzoxazole derivatives |
eclazolast; ontazolast |
| -tegr- |
Antiasthmatics/antiallergics
; integrin antagonists |
valategrast |
| -(a)tadine |
Tricyclic
histaminic-H1 receptor antagonists,
loratadine derivatives |
desloratadine;
rupatadine;
somantadine |
| -astine |
Antihistaminics
(histamine-H1 receptor antagonists) |
ebastine |
| -atadine |
Tricyclic antiasthmatics |
olopatadine;
loratadine |
| -axine |
Antianxiety,
antidepressant inhibitor of norepinephrine and dopamine re-uptake |
|
|
-(f)axine |
|
radafaxine |
| -azenil |
Benzodiazepine
receptor agonists/antagonists |
bretazenil;
flumazenil; |
| -azepam |
Antianxiety agents (diazepam
type) |
lorazepam |
| -azepide |
Cholecystokinin receptor
antagonists |
devazepide |
| -azocine |
Narcotic
antagonists/agonists (6,7-benzomorphan derivatives) |
quadazocine;
ketazocine; |
| -azoline |
Antihistamines/local
vasoconstrictors (antazoline type) |
antazoline |
| -azosin |
Antihypertensives (prazosin
type) |
doxazosin |
| -bactam |
Beta-lactamase inhibitors |
sulbactam |
| -bamate |
Tranquilizers/antiepileptics
(propanediol and pentanediol groups) |
meprobamate;
felbamate; |
| -barb or -barb |
Barbituric acid derivatives |
phenobarbital;
secobarbital;
eterobarb |
| -begron |
Beta 3 adrenoreceptor agonist |
talibegron |
| -bendazole |
Anthelmintics (tibendazole
type) |
cambendazole |
| -berel |
Beta estrogen receptor agonist |
prinaberel |
| -bersat |
Anticonvulsants;
antimigraine (benzoylamino-benzpyran derivatives) |
carabersat;
tidembersat; |
| bol- or -bol- |
Anabolic steroids |
bolandiol;
mibolerone; |
| -bufen |
Non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory agents, fenbufen derivatives |
indobufen |
| -bulin |
Antineoplastics
(mitotic inhibitors; tubulin binders) |
mivobulin |
| -butan |
Antiseptics (dapabutan type) |
dapabutan;
lopobutan; |
| -butazone |
Anti-inflammatory
analgesics (phenylbutazone type) |
mofebutazone |
| -caine |
Local anesthetics |
dibucaine |
| calci- or -calci- |
Vitamin D analogues |
calcipotriene;
tacalcitol; |
| -camra |
Antivirals
(intracellular adhesion molecules,
icam-1 derivatives) |
tremacamra |
| -camsule |
Camphorsulfonic
acid derivatives used as UVA
sunscreens |
ecamsule |
| -casan |
Caspase
(interleukin –1b) converting enzyme inhibitors |
pralnacasan |
| -caserin |
Serotonin receptor
agonists, primarily 5-HT2 |
lorcaserin;
vabicaserin; |
| -castat |
(see
-stat) |
|
| -carbef |
Antibiotics (carbacephem
derivatives) |
loracarbef |
| -catib |
Cathespin inhibitors |
balicatib |
| -cavir |
(see
-vir) |
|
| cef- |
Cephalosporins |
cefazolin |
| -cept |
Receptor
molecules, native or modified ( a preceding infix should designate the
target) |
alvircept |
| subgroups: |
|
|
| -co- |
Receptor
molecules, native or modified ;complement receptors |
mirococept |
| -facept |
Receptor
molecules, native or modified ;lymphocyte function-associated with antigen
3 (LFA) receptor |
alefacept |
| -farcept |
Receptor
molecules, native or modified ; interferon receptors |
pifarcept |
| -lefacept |
Receptor
molecules, native or modified ; lymphocyte function-associated antigen
3 |
alefacept |
| |
|
|
| -nercept |
Receptor
molecules, native or modified ; tumor necrosis factor receptors |
lenercept |
| -vircept |
Receptor
molecules, native or modified ; antiviral receptors |
alvircept |
| -cet |
Receptors (small molecule) |
|
| subgroup: |
|
|
| -calcet |
Receptors (small molecule) ;
calcium |
tecalcet |
| -cetrapib |
Cholesterol ester
transfer protein inhibitors |
torcetrapib |
| -cic |
Hepatoprotectives (timonacic
type) |
limazocic |
| -ciclib |
Cyclin dependent kinase
inhibitors |
seliciclib |
| -ciclovir |
(see
vir-) |
|
| -cidib |
Cyclin dependent kinase
inhibitor |
alvocidib |
| -cidin |
Natural antibiotics
(undefined group) |
gramicidin |
| -ciguat |
Guanaline cyclase activator |
ataciguat; atriciguat |
| -cillin |
Penicillins |
ampicillin |
| -citabine |
Nucleoside
antiviral or antineoplastic agents, cytarabine or azarabine derivatives |
gemcitabine;
fiacitabine;
zalcitabine |
| -clidine |
Muscarinic agonists
(various indications) |
vedaclidine;
talsaclidine; |
| -clone |
Hypnotics/tranquilizers
(zopiclone type) |
pagoclone |
| -cog |
Blood coagulation factors |
|
|
subgroups: |
|
|
| -eptacog |
Blood
coagulation factors ; blood coagulation factor VII |
eptacog alfa (activated) |
| -nonacog |
Blood
coagulation factors ; blood coagulation factor IX |
nonacog alfa |
| -octocog |
Blood
coagulation factors ; blood coagulation factor VIII |
moroctocog alfa;
octocog
alfa |
| -cogin |
Blood coagulation cascade
inhibitor |
tifacogin |
| -conazole |
Systemic antifungals
(miconazole type) |
fluconazole;
oxiconazole; |
| -cort- |
Cortisone derivatives |
hydrocortisone |
| -coxib |
Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors |
celecoxib;
parecoxib;
valdecoxib |
| -cridar |
(see
-dar) |
|
| ‑crinat |
Diuretics (ethacrynic
acid derivatives) |
brocrinat |
| -crine |
Acridine derivatives |
amsacrine; quinacrine |
| ‑cromil |
Antiallergics
(cromoglicic acid derivatives) |
nedocromil |
| -curium (also -curonium) |
Neuromuscular
blocking agents (quaternary ammonium compounds) |
atracurium;
alcuronium;
pipecuronium |
| ‑cycline |
Antibiotics (tetracycline
derivatives) |
minocycline |
| -dan |
Positive inotropic
agents (pimobendan type) |
prinoxodan;
indolidan |
| -dapsone |
Antimycobacterials
(diaminodiphenylsulfone derivatives) |
acedapsone |
| -dar |
Multidrug resistance
inhibitors |
|
|
subgroups: |
|
|
| -cridar |
Multidrug
resistance inhibitors ;acridine carboxamide derivatives |
elacridar |
| -icodar |
Multidrug
resistance inhibitors ;pipecolic acid derivatives |
biricodar |
| -quidar |
Multidrug
resistance inhibitors ; quinoline derivatives |
lamiquidar;
zozuquidar; |
| -spodar |
Multidrug
resistance inhibitors ; ciclosporin D derivatives |
valspodar |
| -denoson |
Adenosine A receptor agonists |
tecadenoson,;
binodenoson; |
| -dermin |
(see
-ermin) |
|
| dil-, -dil‑ or ‑dil |
Vasodilators (undefined group) |
fostedil |
| ‑dipine |
Phenylpyridine
vasodilators (nifedipine type) |
darodipine;
felodipine; |
| -dismase |
(see
-ase) |
|
| -distim |
(see
-stim) |
|
| -ditan |
Antimigraine (5-HT1
receptor agonists) |
alniditan |
| -dopa |
Dopamine receptor agonists |
levodopa |
| -dore |
Dopamine D2D3 receptor
modulators |
aplindore
fumarate |
| -dotin |
Synthetic analogs of
the dolastatin series |
tasidotin
HCl |
| -dralazine |
Antihypertensives
(hydrazine‑phthalazines) |
hydralazine;
endralazine; |
| -dronate |
Calcium metabolism regulators |
etidronate;
tiludronate; |
| -dutant |
(see
-tant) |
|
| -ectedin |
Ecteinascodin derivatives |
monectedin |
| -ectin |
Antiparasitics (ivermectin
type) |
doramectin;
moxidectin; |
| -elestat |
(see
-stat) |
|
| -elvakin |
(see
-kin) |
|
| -emcinal |
Erythromycin
derivatives lacking antibiotic activity |
mitemcinal |
| -entan |
Endothelin receptor
antagonists |
bosentan |
| -eptacog |
(see
-cog) |
|
| -eptakin |
(see
-kin) |
|
| -erg- |
Ergot alkaloid derivatives |
pergolide |
| -eridine |
Analgesics (meperidine type) |
anileridine |
| -ermin |
Growth factors |
|
|
subgroups: |
|
|
| -bermin |
Growth
factors ; vascular endothelial growth factors |
telbermin |
| -dermin |
Growth factors ;
epidermal growth factors |
murodermin |
| -fermin |
Growth factors ;
fibroblast growth factors |
ersofermin |
| -nermin |
Growth factors ; tumor
necrosis factors |
sonermin;
tasonermin; |
| -plermin |
Growth factors ;
platelet derived growth factors |
becaplermin |
| -sermin |
Growth factors ;
insulin-like growth factors |
mecasermin |
| -termin |
Growth factors
; transforming growth
factors |
cetermin |
|
-otermin |
growth factors ; bone
morphogenetic proteins |
dibotermin alfa |
| estr- or -estr- |
Estrogens |
estrone; fenestrel |
| -estrant |
Estrogen antagonists |
fulvestrant |
| -etanide |
Diuretics (piretanide type) |
bumetanide |
| -exakin |
(see
-kin) |
|
| -ezolid |
Oxazolidinone antibacterials |
eperezolid;
linezolid; |
| -farnib |
Farnesyl transferase inhibitor |
tipifarnib |
| -fenamate |
"fenamic acid"
ester or salt derivatives |
etofenamate |
| -fenamic acid |
Anti-inflammatory
agents (anthranilic acid derivatives) |
flufenamic acid |
| -fenin |
Diagnostic
aids ((phenylcarbamoyl)methyl iminodiacetic acid derivatives) |
arclofenin |
| -fenine |
Analgesics (fenamic acid
subgroup) |
floctafenine |
| -fentanil |
Narcotic analgesics
(fentanyl derivatives) |
alfentanil;
mirfentanil;
brifentanil |
| -fentrine |
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor |
pumafentrine |
| -fermin |
(see
-ermin) |
|
| -fetamin(e) |
Amfetamine
derivatives |
levmetamfetamine |
| -fiban |
Fibrinogen
receptor antagonists
(glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists) |
lamifiban;
tirofiban; |
| -fibatide |
(see
-tide) |
|
| -fibrate |
Antihyperlipidemics
(clofibrate type) |
bezafibrate |
| -filcon |
Hydrophilic contact lens
materials |
alphafilcon A;
xylofilcon A;
mipafilcon
A |
| -fingol |
Sphingosine derivatives |
cedefingol;
safingol |
| -flapon |
5-lipoxygenase-activating
protein (FLAP) inhibitors |
quiflapon |
| -flurane |
General
inhalation anesthetics
(halogenated alkane derivatives) |
enflurane |
| -fo- |
Phosphoro-derivatives |
adefovir |
| -focon |
Hydrophobic contact lens
materials |
trifocon A;
pasifocon B;
satafocon A |
| -formin |
Hypoglycemics (phenformin
type) |
buformin |
| -fradil |
Calcium channel
blockers acting as vasodilators |
mibefradil |
| -fulven |
Antineoplastic, acylfulven
derivatives |
viridofulven |
| -fungin |
Antifungal antibiotics
(undefined group) |
kalafungin |
| -fylline |
Theophylline derivatives |
enprofylline;
bamifylline;
cipamfylline |
| -gab- |
Gabamimetics |
fengabine |
| gado- |
Gadolinium
derivatives (principally for diagnostic use) |
gadodiamide;
gadoteridol;
gadobenate |
| -gapil |
Neuronal apoptosis
inhibitors; GAPDH |
omigapil |
| -ganan |
Antimicrobial,
bactericidal permeability increasing polypeptide |
iseganan;
pexiganan; |
| -gatran |
Thrombin inhibitors
(argatroban type) |
efegatran |
| -gest- |
Progestins |
megestrol |
| -giline |
MAO inhibitors, type B |
selegiline |
| -gillin |
Antibiotics (Aspergillus
strains) |
mitogillin |
| gli- |
Antihyperglycemics |
gliflumide |
| -gliptin |
Antihyperglycemics
; dipeptidyl aminopeptidase-IV inhibitors |
vildagliptin |
| -glitazar |
Antihyperglycemics
; PPAR agonists (not thiazolidene derivatives) |
farglitizar |
| -glitazone |
Antihyperglycemics
; PPST agonists (thiazolidene derivatives) |
ciglitazone;
rosiglitazone |
| -glumide |
CCK antagonists,
antiulcer, anxiolytic agent |
amiglumide;
itriglumide; |
| -golix |
GnRH receptor antagonists
(nonpeptide) |
rupugolix |
| -gosivir |
(see
-vir) |
|
| -gramostim |
(see
-stim) |
|
| -grastim |
(see
-stim) |
|
| -grel- or -grel |
Platelet
aggregation inhibitors (undefined group) |
itazigrel;
dimetagrel;
furegrelate |
| guan- |
Antihypertensives
(guanidine derivatives) |
guanoctine |
| -ibat |
Ileal bile acid transport
inhibitor |
barixibat |
| -icam |
Anti-inflammatory agents
(isoxicam type) |
enolicam;
tenoxicam; |
| -icodar |
(see
-dar) |
|
| -ifen(e) |
Antiestrogens
of the clomifene and tamoxifen groups |
nitromifene;
raloxifene;
droloxifene |
| -ilide |
Class III antiarrhythmic
agents |
ibutilide;
risotilide;
dofetilide |
| -imepodib |
Inosine
monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitors |
merimepodib |
| -imex |
Immunostimulants |
forfenimex;
roquinimex;
ubenimex |
| -imibe- |
Antihyperlipidaemics,
acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors |
eldacimibe;
avasimibe;
pactimibe |
| -imod |
Immunomodulators |
ivarimod;
pidotimod; |
| subgroup: |
|
|
| -mapimod |
Immunomodulators
; mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitors |
dormapimod |
| -imus |
Immunosuppressives |
tacrolimus;
napirimus;
gusperimus;
sirolimus |
| io- |
Iodine-containing contrast
media |
iodamide |
| -irudin |
Anticoagulants (hirudin type) |
desirudin |
| -isant |
Histamine H3 receptor
antagonists |
cipralisant |
| -isomide |
Antiarrhythmics
(disopyramide derivatives) |
bidisomide |
| -ium (also -onium) |
Quaternary ammonium
derivatives |
clidinium;
disiquonium;
polixetonium; |
| -ixafor |
CXCR4 antagonists |
plerixifor |
| ‑kacin |
Antibiotics
obtained from Streptomyces kanamyceticus (related to kanamycin) |
amikacin |
| -kalant |
Potassium channel antagonists |
almokalant; terikalant |
| -kalim |
Potassium channel agonists |
cromakalim;
aprikalim; |
| -kalner |
Opener
of large conductance calcium-activated (maxi-k) K+ channels |
flindokalner |
| -kef- |
Enkephalin agonists
(various indications) |
metkephamide;
casokefamide; |
| -kin |
Interleukin type substances |
|
|
subgroups: |
|
|
| -decakin |
Interleukin
type substances ; interleukin-10 analogues and derivatives |
ilodecakin |
| -dodekin |
Interleukin
type substances ; interleukin-12 analogues and derivatives |
edodekin
alfa |
| -elvekin |
Interleukin
type substances ; interleukin 11 analogues and derivatives |
oprelvekin |
| -eptakin |
Interleukin
type substances ; interleukin 7 analogues and derivatives |
|
| -exakin |
Interleukin
type substances ; interleukin 6 analogues and derivatives |
atexakin alfa |
| -leukin |
Interleukin
type substances ; interleukin 2 analogues and derivatives |
teceleukin; aldesleukin |
| -nakin |
Interleukin 1 analogues
and derivatives |
|
|
subgroups: |
|
|
|
-onakin |
Interleukin
1 analogues and derivatives ; interleukin 1-a analogues and derivatives |
pitonakin |
| -benakin |
Interleukin
1 analogues and derivatives ; iinterleukin 1-b analogues and
derivatives |
mobenakin |
| -nonakin |
Interleukin
1 analogues and derivatives ; iinterleukin 9 analogues and derivatives |
|
| -octakin |
Interleukin
1 analogues and derivatives ; iinterleukin 8 analogues and derivatives |
emoctakin |
| -penkin |
Interleukin
1 analogues and derivatives ; iinterleukin 5 analogues and derivatives |
|
| -trakin |
Interleukin
1 analogues and derivatives ; iinterleukin 4 analogues and derivatives |
binetrakin |
| -kinra |
Interleukin receptor
antagonists |
|
|
subgroups: |
|
|
| -nakinra |
Interleukin
receptor antagonists ; interleukin 1 (IL-1) receptor antagonists |
anakinra |
| -kiren |
Renin inhibitors |
ditekiren;
terlakiren;
zankiren |
| -lazad |
Lipid peroxidation inhibitors |
tirilazad |
| -leptin |
Leptin derivatives |
metreleptin |
| ‑leukin |
(see
-kin) |
|
| -lipim |
Lipoprotein lipase activators |
ibrolipim |
| -locib |
Antineoplastics
that inhibit the formation of 5-LO, LTB4, LTC4, and thromboxane B2 (TxB2);
and Activate PPARg nuclear
receptors |
etalocib |
| -lubant |
Leukotriene
receptor antagonists (treatment of inflammatory skin disorders) |
ticolubant |
| -lukast |
(see
-ast) |
|
| -lutamide |
Antiandrogens |
bicalutamide;
flutamide; |
| -lutril |
Neutral
endopeptidase inhibitors possessing additional endothelin converting
enzyme inhibitory activity |
daglutril |
| -mab |
Monoclonal antibodies |
imciromab;
abciximab;
capromab;
dacliximab;
detumomab; enlimomab |
| -axo- |
Monoclonal
antibodies ; rat-murine hybrid antibodies |
|
| -les- |
Monoclonal
antibodies ; infix for inflammatory/infectious lesions |
|
| -toxa- |
Monoclonal antibodies ;
toxin as a target |
urtoxazumab |
| -mantadine or -mantine |
Antivirals/antiparkinsonians
(adamantane derivatives) |
rimantadine; dopamantine |
| -mastat |
(see
-stat) |
|
| -meline |
Cholinergic
agonists (arecoline derivatives used in treatment of Alzheimer's
disease) |
xanomeline |
| -melteon |
Selective melatonin receptor
agonist |
ramelteon |
| -mer |
Polymers |
cadexomer;
carbetimer |
| -mesine |
Sigma receptor ligands |
igmesine;
panamesine |
| -mestane |
Antineoplastics (aromatase
inhibitors) |
plomestane |
| -metacin |
Anti‑inflammatory
agents (indomethacin type) |
zidometacin |
| -micin |
Antibiotics (Micromonospora
strains) |
maduramicin;
gentamicin |
| -monam |
Monobactam antibiotics |
gloximonam;
oximonam;
tigemonam |
| -morelin |
(see
-relin) |
|
| -moren |
Non-peptidic growth
hormone secretagogues |
ibutamoren |
| -mostim |
(see
-stim) |
|
| -motine |
Antivirals (quinoline
derivatives) |
famotine |
| -moxin |
Monoamine
oxidase inhibitors (hydrazine derivatives) |
benmoxin;
domoxin; |
| -mulin |
Antibacterials,
pleuromulin derivatives |
retapamulin |
| -multin |
Mucosal tolerance inductors |
ismomultin |
| -mustine |
Antineoplastics
(chloroethylamine
derivatives) |
carmustine |
| -mycin |
Antibiotics (Streptomyces
strains) |
lincomycin |
| nab- or ‑nab‑ |
Cannabinol derivatives |
nabazenil; dronabinol |
| -nakalant |
Mixed sodium/potassium
channel blockers |
vernakalant |
| -nakin |
(see
-kin) |
|
| nal- |
Narcotic
agonists/antagonists (normorphine type) |
nalmefene |
| -navir |
(see
vir-) |
|
| -nercept |
